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  • ICLD core course

Participatory democracy in local governance

Curriculum

  • 4 Sections
  • 33 Lessons
  • 2 Days
Expand all sectionsCollapse all sections
  • Module 1. Overview
    7
    • 1.1
      What is participatory democracy?
    • 1.2
      Why participatory democracy?
    • 1.3
      Participatory vs deliberative democracy
    • 1.4
      Ladder of participation
    • 1.5
      EXAMPLE of participatory democracy principles: Eurocities
    • 1.6
      Best practices: IOPD participatory democracy experiences around the world
    • 1.7
      Module reflection and facilitation
  • Module 2. A bit of history and context
    5
    • 2.1
      Background
    • 2.2
      Participatory democracy in Sweden
    • 2.3
      Participatory democracy in Latin America
    • 2.4
      Co-creation of participatory mechanisms
    • 2.5
      Module reflection and facilitation
  • Module 3. Methods and forms of participatory democracy
    18
    • 3.1
      Overview of the methods
    • 3.2
      Hackathons
    • 3.3
      Backcasting
    • 3.4
      Open Space
    • 3.5
      Community researchers
    • 3.6
      Crowdsourcing
    • 3.7
      Hearings
    • 3.8
      Focus groups
    • 3.9
      Scenarios
    • 3.10
      Citizens’ Assembly
    • 3.11
      Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR)
    • 3.12
      Participatory budgeting
    • 3.13
      Citizen Juries
    • 3.14
      (e)Petitions
    • 3.15
      Digital Platforms
    • 3.16
      Citizen Report Cards
    • 3.17
      Living Labs
    • 3.18
      Module reflection and facilitation
  • Module 4. Strengthening participatory democracy through your ICLD project
    3
    • 4.1
      Problem oriented project planning, PART 1
    • 4.2
      Problem oriented project planning, PART 2
    • 4.3
      How to strengthen peer-to-peer learning on participatory democracy in your municipal partnership or network

Module 3. Methods and forms of participatory democracy

Open Space

Open Space is a form of meeting that was developed in the 80s as an alternative to traditional conferences. The participants together set the agenda and the method is particularly good for allowing creative solutions.

Description

In Open Space meetings, participants are invited around a central theme, but no fixed agenda is set before the meeting. Instead, the participants gather in a circle at the beginning of the meeting and get to identify which issues they want to take responsibility for leading conversations about. These questions are distributed among the rooms and times that are available during the meeting. When no more questions are raised, all participants can sign up for the sessions they want to participate in.

Used for

Open Space is a suitable form of dialogue if the organizers want to encourage very open and dynamic discussions around a theme. The conversation is based on the interests and enthusiasm of the participants and can often lead to unexpected and innovative thoughts. Open Space is a great method for encouraging creative ideas and can be a good alternative where traditional meetings have led to a lack of innovation or energy. It is an inappropriate form of meeting if the organizers want to have control over the discussion or have a very clear goal they want to achieve with the meeting.

Open Space is also good where self-organization and new ways of working are the goal. Open Space is used to:

  • Open discussions around a topic
  • To create creative solutions
  • Self-organization and building on people’s enthusiasm

The meeting is characterized by openness and flexibility. The only ‘law’ in Open Space is the law of mobility – that is, if a participant does not learn or contribute in a conversation, he must move on to another context where he learns or contributes.

There are also four principles:

  1. Those who come are the right people
  2. What is happening is the only thing that could happen
  3. Whenever it starts is the right time
  4. When it’s over, it’s over

In the small groups, what was discussed is documented and the reports are then put up on a wall so that it is possible to see what others have discussed.

Participants

Participants are invited through an open invitation where the theme of the day is explained. It is important that no one is forced to participate in an Open Space process and that the participants feel that the issue is important to them.

The open space method is very flexible in terms of the number of participants – meetings with anywhere from 2 to thousands of participants have been held.

Required resources

Open Space can be a relatively cheap process, given the number of participants. A trained moderator is good to have and it is important that the room has space for many parallel meetings and that all participants can be narrowed into a ring at the beginning and end of the process. It is also good to provide technology that makes it easy to print the results of all the small groups and put them on the wall.

Approximate time required

To get the most out of an Open Space meeting, it should be held for at least two days. The method has been used in a day or less and at most Open Space meetings can be held for five days or more.

Strengths
  • Enables large groups to participate around a topic
  • Good for participants who dislike traditional meetings
  • Unleash creativity
  • Allows participants to pursue the issues that are important to them
  • Very flexible process
Restrictions

Unsuitable where the organizer has an end goal in mind or is not flexible in their approach.

More information
How to Facilitate an Open Space Session
Backcasting
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Community researchers
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